CCM 11/13/2017
CITY COUNCIL MEETING
CITY OF FRIDLEY
NOVEMBER 13, 2017
The City Council meeting for the City of Fridley was called to order by Mayor Lund at 7:00 p.m.
ROLL CALL:
Mayor Lund
Councilmember Barnette
Councilmember Saefke
Councilmember Varichak
Councilmember Bolkcom
OTHERS PRESENT:
Wally Wysopal, City Manager
Darcy Erickson, City Attorney
Shelly Peterson, Finance Director
Scott Hickok, Community Development Director
Deb Skogen, City Clerk
Paul Hyde, Fridley Land, LLC
APPROVAL OF PROPOSED CONSENT AGENDA:
APPROVAL OF MINUTES:
City Council Meeting of October 23, 2017.
APPROVED.
NEW BUSEINSS:
1.Receive the Minutes from the Planning Commission Meeting of October 18, 2017.
THIS ITEM WAS REMOVED FROM THE CONSENT AGENDA AND PLACED ON
THE REGULAR AGENDA.
2.Preliminary Plat Request, PS #17-04, by Fridley Land LLC to Replat the Lot North of
4800 East River Road, to Allow Further Redevelopment of the Property. This Replat
will Create Two New Industrial Lots (Ward 3).
APPROVED.
3.Resolution Scheduling a Public Hearing on December 18, 2017, on a Proposed
Amendment to Fridley City Charter, Chapter 7, Taxation and Finances and Directing
Publication of the Text of the Ordinance in Full.
ADOPTED RESOLUTION NO. 2017-63.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 2
4.Approve a Joint Powers Agreement between the City of Fridley and County of Anoka
for Signal Painting at Various Intersections in the City of Fridley.
APPROVED.
5.Claims 178593 – 178800.
APPROVED.
ADOPTION OF PROPOSED CONSENT AGENDA:
Councilmember Bolkcom
asked for the Planning Commission meeting minutes to be removed
and placed on the regular agenda.
Paul Hyde
, Fridley Land LLC, stated things are moving very fast with the Northern Stacks
development and they are starting the sixth building. They are fortunate this is a good leasing
market and continue to fill buildings up before they are built. For the broiler room, they are
talking to several tap rooms and a photo studio/office space. They hope to have someone in
there by the second quarter of 2018.
Mayor Lund
said the location is great and looks to be highly successful.
Mr. Hyde
replied that he could not have done it without Council and staff. He was able to
capture companies who were moving out of Minneapolis and St. Paul and moving north. There
is a diverse group of companies which makes for a stable investment. He has a great partnership
with the City which has resulted with one or two companies moving in.
MOTION
by Councilmember Barnette to approve the Proposed Consent Agenda with removal
of item nos. 1. Seconded by Councilmember Varichak.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY.
OPEN FORUM, VISITORS:
No one from the audience spoke.
ADOPTION OF AGENDA:
MOTION
by Councilmember Bolkcom to approve the agenda with the addition of Item No. 1.
Seconded by Councilmember Saefke.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 3
PUBLIC HEARING/NEW BUSINESS:
6.Consider the On-Sale Intoxicating Liquor License Application for GYU Sum
(Elizabeth) Hwang, Applicant, to Operate Kings Restaurant, Located at 1051 East
Moore Lake Drive N.E.;
MOTION
by Councilmember Varichak to open the public hearing. Seconded by
Councilmember Barnette.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED AND THE PUBLIC HEARING OPENED AT 7:09 P.M.
Deb Skogen,
City Clerk, stated that Gyu Sum (Elizabeth) Hwang, applicant, has applied for an
on-sale intoxicating liquor license to operate Kings Restaurant located at 1051 East Moore Lake
Drive. The restaurant serving authentic Korean food has been owned and operated by Suki Pak
Collopy since 2001. Ms. Collopy is in the process of selling the business to Ms. Hwang who
hopes to take ownership December 1, 2017.
Ms. Skogen
noted that Section 603.07 of the Fridley City Code requires a public hearing to
consider the approval of an on-sale intoxicating liquor license. The Notice of Public Hearing
was published in the Fridley Sun Focus on October 20, 2017, meeting the ten-day advance notice
requirement. After the public hearing, the City Council has the ability to approve the license at
the same meeting.
Ms. Skogen
said Ms. Hwang has been working at Kings Restaurant since 2009. She obtained a
Bachelor of Science in Food & Nutrition from Korea National Open University and is a certified
Korean Food Craftsman from the Korea Test Institute. Kings Restaurant is known in the Twin
Cities as a best Korean restaurant receiving an award in 2009 and 2012. The cuisine serves not
only Korean but also Japanese and Chinese food. Ms. Hwang is looking to expand the business
and to diversify the customer base.
Ms. Skogen
said staff received the liquor license application on September 15, 2017. The Police
Department conducted the background investigation and credit history of the applicant and found
no reason to deny the application. The Fire Marshall found no outstanding issues or reasons to
deny the license.
Ms. Skogen
said staff recommends the following actions: 1. Hold a public hearing for an
intoxicating liquor license for Gyu Sum (Elizabeth) Hwang, Applicant, to operate Kings
Restaurant located at 1051 E Moore Lake Drive; and 2. Motion to approve liquor license to Gyu
Sum Hwang for Kings Restaurant at 1051 E Moore Lake Drive.
Ms. Skogen
said Jay Hwang is the manager of the restaurant and Elizabeth is the CEO. They
have worked there over 9 years and the current owner wants to sell to Elizabeth. The landlord is
asking for a personal guarantee for the new lease assignment. They are here today for the liquor
license.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 4
Councilmember Saefke
asked what the owner had to do with making Elizabeth the owner on
the lease.
Mr. Hwang
stated the landlord said the assets were not enough to pay the lease every month.
The existing lease does not end for 4 ½ years. The current owner wants to retire but the landlord
is not 100% sure they will be able to pay every month on time for the lease.
Mayor Lund
asked if they struggle to pay the lease, would the current owner ensure payment
would be made.
Mr. Hwang
said the landlord is asking for 18 months of guaranteed payment.
Councilmember Bolkcom
asked if they felt comfortable that the current owner will sign on for
18 months.
Mr. Hwang
replied yes, the current owner agreed to sign and will continue to run the business
through December or January if needed.
Councilmember Bolkcom
asked if Council closed the public hearing to approve this contingent
on the signed lease; what would happen if the lease was not signed in February.
Ms. Skogen
replied the current liquor license is valid until the end of April, so they would
continue to operate under the old license. If the lease is not signed the license cannot be issued.
Councilmember Bolkcom
thought Council should continue the hearing until they have a signed
lease.
Ms. Skogen
suggested closing the public hearing and then when paperwork is ready this can
come back to Council under “Licenses.”
MOTION
by Councilmember Varichak to close the public hearing. Seconded by
Councilmember Bolkcom.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED AND THE PUBLIC HEARING CLOSED AT 7:24 P.M.
7.Consider Transferring Property from the City of Fridley to the Fridley Housing and
Redevelopment Authority for Development (Ward 1) (Continued October 9, 2017).
MOTION
by Councilmember Saefke to waive the reading of the public hearing notice and open
the public hearing. Seconded by Councilmember Barnette.
Scott Hickok,
Community Development Director, noted that Item Nos. 7 and 8 will be presented
together. A public hearing was opened on August 14, 2017. Council expressed concern over the
transfer of property where the park/play structures exist. The hearing was held open for
additional public comment. Staff held additional public meetings to gain input. Additional input
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 5
was offered, and the developer prepared a new plan based on input. Anoka County and the
general public reviewed the plans and concurred with the concepts. A refined park plan will be
produced. Staff recommends the City authorize transfer of the parcels to the HRA.
Councilmember Saefke
said he was opposed to the transfer the first time this was presented
because he felt the neighborhood did not have a chance to provide input. Since then, a few
neighborhood meetings were held, and he heard consensus that this plan is satisfactory to the
neighborhood. He asked about the patio homes and if there were any reconfigurations.
Mr. Hickok
replied the developer had a timeline to work under for exclusive negotiations which
ended on November 2. There was not enough progress to stay with that developer. By the end
of November, a RFP will go out to developers for just the patio homes. The area will have
around 29 to 30 units and will stay within the boundaries that are defined.
Councilmember Bolkcom
said there have been two neighborhood meetings with the entire
layout of the patio homes and others. Separate RFPs will be sent out at different times for
development. She asked if the senior housing, for example, would change anything related to the
park. She wanted to make sure the developer is aware of the area that is going to be reserved for
the park.
Mr. Hickok
replied that a lot of work went into where we are at today and there is not a lot of
flexibility within the patio home layout. We will look for a developer and make sure we can
build at a price we can afford.
MOTION
by Councilmember Saefke to move into record the letter of understanding found on
pages 69-70 of the agenda. Seconded by Councilmember Bolkcom.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY.
Pam Reynolds,
1241 Norton, asked how the land was acquired.
Mr. Hickok
said it was public land, and the City is ready to convey that area to the HRA for
development.
Ms. Reynolds
asked how the park land could be given to the HRA without a vote.
Mr. Hickok
replied the park land was bought with no strings attached. The land was not bought
solely with park purpose in mind. This piece of land has been analyzed and there is nothing that
would prevent us from doing this.
Mayor Lund
added the Springbrook Nature Center was obtained through an exchange of land
and has restrictions. That is not the case with this park land.
Mr. Hickok
stated this land was purchased and never dedicated as park land.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 6
Ms. Reynolds
noted that Lots 2 and 3 were acquired by eminent domain by the County. She
asked if that made a difference.
Mr. Hickok
replied there is no case preventing them from advancing this property into
development.
Ms. Reynolds
asked when the transfer occurred if the yellow area on the map would belong to
the City.
Mr. Hickok
said the plat shows the pond feature, and Outlot A, C, D, and F are subject to this
discussion. The City will take on the maintenance of the road.
Ms. Reynolds
said when this is all said and done, all of the land where taxpayers are building the
Civic Center will belong to the City.
Mr. Hickok
replied this was a mutual decision on how all that will rest. Right now, the item is
up for discussion for development purposes.
Ms. Reynolds
said at their next meeting, the Environmental Quality & Energy Commission will
be reviewing the Comprehensive Plan for parks and trails. Their desire is to preserve open space
and other desired features, and now we are transferring parks for development. She said she does
not agree with all this development.
Mr. Hickok
replied that preserving open space is on natural features. In this development area,
we are preserving the natural areas. Areas that are mowed and maintained are not natural.
Mayor Lund
added the pond will bring back what was once there--wetland and ponding areas.
Councilmember Bolkcom
said instead of a field, an enhanced park will be developed to connect
the City park to the trail. People are happy about the change and to have a better park. We are
still pursuing a field for soccer practice.
MOTION
by Councilmember Saefke to close the public hearing. Seconded by Councilmember
Barnette.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY, AND THE PUBLIC HEARING CLOSED AT
7:59 P.M.
MOTION
by Councilmember Bolkcom to approve Transferring Property from the City of
Fridley to the Fridley Housing and Redevelopment Authority for Development. Seconded by
Councilmember Saefke.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 7
NEW BUSINESS:
8.First Reading of an Ordinance Pursuant to Section 12.06, of the City Charter Declaring
Certain Real Estate to be Surplus and Authorizing the Conveyance Thereof (Ward 1)
MOTION
by Councilmember Saefke to waive the reading of the ordinance and adopt the
ordinance on first reading. Seconded by Councilmember Bolkcom.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY
.
9.First Reading of an Ordinance Amending Fridley City Code, Chapter 101. Animal
Control, by Redefining or Adding Definitions to Section 101.01 Definitions; Creating a
New Section 101.04 Allowing for and Regulating Chickens; Creating a New Section
101.05 Allowing for and Regulating Honey Bees; Amending Section 101.14 Changing
Kennels to Multiple Pet Locations and Renumbering Sections of this Chapter as
Required
Deb Skogen,
City Clerk, said staff received a directive from the City Council in March to review
the city code to allow for the keeping of bees. In addition, staff received numerous requests to
keep chickens and apply for a kennel license. These issues were discussed and staff researched
and reviewed requirements and regulations from other cities, the state, the animal health board,
various animal associations, and the League of Minnesota Cities. Based on this research and
review, an ordinance was drafted addressing these three key areas. Information has been
provided to the City Council throughout the process. A draft ordinance was presented to the City
Council at their work session on October 23, 2017. As a result of the discussion, a few small
revisions were made to the draft ordinance.
Chickens: This ordinance creates Section 101.04 providing a purpose for the keeping of
chickens and for the licensing, conditions and regulations of keeping chickens.
Honeybees: This ordinance creates Section 101.05 providing a purpose for the keeping of
honeybees and for the licensing, conditions and regulations of keeping honeybees.
Multiple Pet Location: This ordinance amends Section 101.01, the definition of a kennel,
from residential to a place of business licensed by the Minnesota Board of Animal Health
and creates a new definition called “multiple pet location.” In addition, Section 101.14 is
renumbered to Section 101.16 and amended to use the new definition of multiple pet
location for the licensing, conditions and regulation on residential lots having more than
three dogs or cats at one location.
Ms. Skogen
said each of these sections provides for an inspection process for the licensing or
complaint of a nuisance. Each section also includes an appeal and hearing process for the
applicant if a license is denied, revoked or non-renewed. New fees are also created to address the
licensing and inspection fees. As more time is spent on the original inspection and review it is
recommended the initial fee be $100 with a renewal fee of $25.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 8
Ms. Skogen
said that Staff recommends the City Council hold the first reading of an Ordinance
Amending Fridley City Code Chapter 101. Animal Control by Redefining or Adding Definitions
to Section 101.01 Definitions; Creating a New Section 101.04 Allowing for a Regulating
Chickens; Creating a new Section 101.05 Allowing for and Regulating Honeybees; Amending
Section 101.14 Changing Kennels to Multiple Pet Locations and Renumbering Sections of this
Chapter as Required.
Mayor Lund
said to be oted on page 77 to be consistent with the fee structure on page 90. It
may be a misprint on the top of page 77; should be $100 not $25 for the original license fee.
MOTION
by Councilmember Saefke to waive the reading of the ordinance and adopt the
ordinance on first reading. Seconded by Councilmember Bolkcom.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY.
10.Resolution Providing for Water, Sewer, Storm Water and Recycling Rate Changes.
Korrie Johnson,
Assistant Finance Director, said in May of 2017, City staff authorized Ehlers
Inc. to begin work on a utility rate study designed to shape the rate structures for the water utility
and sanitary sewer utility funds for 2018 and beyond. The findings and recommendations were
presented to Council on September 25, 2017. The resolution included with this memo reflects
those recommendations and, if adopted by Council, would take effect January 1, 2018. The rate
study identified a rate structure intended to stabilize rate increases from year-to-year and increase
equitability among customer classifications such as single family, multi-family, small and large
commercial.
Ms. Johnson
stated the long-range consumption and expenditure forecasts were applied to the
recommended rate structure to enable the utility funds to be self-sustaining without relying
heavily on debt to fund capital and to maintain low to moderate rate increases going forward. A
significant portion of the costs in these funds are required regardless of flow through the systems.
The Water and Sewer Utilities require major operating and infrastructure costs just to maintain
the availability of service.
Ms. Johnson
reviewed the Water Utility Fund. Since 2012, this fund has averaged just over 8%
rate increases year-to-year. Ehlers is proposing a rate structure designed to increase revenue
9.8% in 2018 with only moderate increases needed to stabilize this fund going forward. Water
sales have declined in recent years while expenses have continued to increase. Since 2012, per
capita residential consumption has declined 22%, while Fridley’s population increased only 3%.
In order to meet the Water Utility needs, Ehlers is proposing to break the usage tiers into more
concise groups and increase the cost per tier for residential. The opposite will hold true for
commercial customers with large commercial seeing a higher base fee. Irrigation rates will be
billed at the highest tiered amount. These changes will help achieve equitability among our
customer classes, and provide greater cost control for customers who wish to conserve water.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 9
Ms. Johnson
said since water sales have declined in recent years and prior assumptions were
based on higher consumption estimates, it has been detrimental on cash reserves even with
significant rate increases. To put this decreased consumption in a different light, Met Council is
encouraging residential consumption at a conservative rate of 75 gallons per person per day,
which many cities are well above. Fridley’s residential consumption for 2016 is calculated at
about 63 ½ gallons per day per person. The study used a conservative approach to consumption
forecasts when projecting future rate increases.
Ms. Johnson
stated staff is recommending a restructure of consumptions tiers, customer
classifications and base charges. If consumption meets projections, this rate restructure would
provide funding to support operations, scheduled infrastructure rehabilitation and debt
obligations for 2018.
Ms. Johnson
reviewed the Sanitary Sewer Utility Fund. Sanitary sewer charges are dependent
on water consumption. With a decline in water usage, the Sewer utility also has seen significant
rate increases over the past several years. In 2016 and 2017, rates increased by 9%. Ehlers is
proposing a rate structure designed to increase revenue by 4.3% for 2018 with 2019 and beyond
increasing at a moderate rate.
Ms. Johnson
noted the largest portion of our sewer expense comes from the Metropolitan
Council Environmental Services (MCES) wastewater transmission and treatment charges which
makes up over 70% of total operating costs, and are largely outside of the City’s control. While
we have edged downward in our share of MCES charges relative to other communities in recent
years, MCES costs are projected to continue their increase.
Ms. Johnson
noted that this utility has major operating and infrastructure costs just to maintain
the service no matter how much or how little flow passes through our system. To offset current
MCES charges along with future increases, staff is recommending a rate restructuring with
higher base charges and usage rates. The most significant of changes would be for residential
users where that base charge would include the first 8,000 gallons of usage. We are also adding a
class for 2 and 3 unit multi-family, where the base charge would include the first 24,000 gallons
of usage.
Ms. Johnson
reviewed the Storm Water Utility Fund. The storm water fund had a 75% rate
increase back in 2015 to support operational expenses and capital projects. With significant
projects for a third consecutive year staff is recommending a 3.5% rate increase for storm water
for the upcoming year. For the single family residential property, this is an increase of .10 cents
per month. The Solid Waste Abatement Fund for 2017 the recycling rates were frozen due to a
charter restriction limiting the City’s ability to increase rates to support expenditures. Effective
November 2, 2017 the Charter was modified allowing the recycling rates to be adjusted to
provide the revenue necessary to support anticipated expenditures for 2018. Staff is
recommending an 11 cent increase per month for a residential home owner. This rate increase
will provide for a balance budget for 2018 and provide the funding necessary to support the
increase projected with the recycling hauler contract which makes up over 80% of the Solid
Waste Abatement Funds expenditures each year.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 10
Pam Reynolds,
1241 Norton Avenue, noted that the new tier for commercial will pay the same
as residential. She asked why commercial will get 250,000 for 2.25 per 1,000 gallons and she
gets 8,000 gallons. Also under the sewer residential pays a $50 base fee – she is sure that was
incorrect because commercial base fee is only $20. She asked what was included in that fixed
charge. She also wondered how the City could do that because the Charter says in Chapter 11
that all charges shall be just and reasonable. The goal in Fridley is to provide safe housing for
families and businesses. If rates keep rising, it will force people out of their houses. Young
families cannot afford to pay a $50 flat fee. Since restrictions went off in 2007 there have been
rate increases every year.
Mayor Lund
replied that Ehlers is an expert in this field and brought forth critical findings. To
compare Fridley to other communities is difficult because there are a lot of differences.
Unfortunately, we are getting penalized for being conservative. Because this commodity must
be self-sufficient, we have to raise the rates.
Shelly Peterson,
Finance Director, noted that a study was done and staff time is being charged to
each enterprise fund accordingly.
Wally Wysopal
, City Manager, stated the action item for Council is the rates. There was a 20%
reduction in water consumed by customers whether they were residential or commercial. This
resulted in a 20% reduction in the City’s revenue source. Staff is trying to change the rates to
make them fair. We have a good understanding of water and sewer personnel costs and the
largest cost is from Met Council which we cannot do anything about but pay it. Improvements
have been made to the system to make sure the system doesnot take more flow than what is
coming into Fridley. These changes may look drastic, but the customer’s bill will compare to
what they are paying now.
Ms. Peterson
noted that even though the base rate went up, the new rate includes consumption
that it did not before. The overall bill only increases 2.94%.
Mr. Wysopal
added that changing the tiers was to make sure in the future we take into account
significant consumption users. We needed advice from a consultant to break the bills down. The
bottom line is the average customer will see an increase just short of 3%.
Mayor Lund
noted this is an attempt to stabilize the rate structure. Instead of relying on people
to buy more water, the base rate goes up because we still have fixed costs.
Ms. Reynolds
said the rates are not higher for commercial or industrial.
Ms. Johnson
replied the commercial and industrial sanitary sewer are calculated based on actual
water usage every single month of the year which brings in more revenue for the City.
Residential water rates were based on winter water usage only.
Councilmember Bolkcom
asked how long the study was done and if it was a thorough study.
FRIDLEY CITY COUNCIL MEETING OF NOVEMBER 13, 2017 PAGE 11
Ms. Johnson
replied that Ehlers worked with staff for two months. They are well known for
utility rate studies. The study was done through 2024 and we are looking at moderate increases
going forward.
Councilmember Bolkcom
noted this is not something Council or staff took lightly. This was
well thought out and needs to happen. Compared to other communities, Fridley is sitting in mid-
range for rates.
Ms. Peterson
said commercial usage was subsidizing residential and now it will be fairer.
Mayor Lund
stated that even though commercial is using a lot of water, they are also paying
more revenues. That is not the case with residential. Even with this increase, it will still take 3
to 5 years to get back to where we should be.
MOTION
by Councilmember Bolkcom to adopt Resolution No. 2017-64. Seconded by
Councilmember Saefke.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY.
1. Receive the Minutes from the Planning Commission Meeting of October 18, 2017.
Councilmember Bolkcom
said on Page 8, last paragraph Stacks VIII should be Stacks VII.
Also, in the second paragraph on Page 9 and the first paragraph on Page 10 did not make sense.
MOTION
by Councilmember Bolkcom to withhold receipt of minutes until further clarification.
Seconded by Councilmember Saefke.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY
11.Informal Status Reports.
There were no informal status reports.
ADJOURN:
MOTION
by Councilmember Barnette to adjourn. Seconded by Councilmember Varichak.
UPON A VOICE VOTE, ALL VOTING AYE, MAYOR LUND DECLARED THE
MOTION CARRIED AND THE MEETING ADJOURNED AT 8:54 P.M.
Respectfully submitted,
Krista Peterson Robert L. Barnette
Recording Secretary Mayor Pro Tem