HomeMy WebLinkAbout1200 Norton Structural Repair Specs (2) RCL
Engineering Group
Forensic&Structural Engineering/Building Envelope Consulting 1-800-549-0802
-A Business Unit of Roofing Consultants Ltd.-
STRUCTURAL REPAIR SPECIFICATION
Date: May 19, 2023
Client: Empire Exteriors, Inc.
2085 28t"Ave. NW
Coon Rapids, MN 55448
Contact: Apini Chavez (651)-955-1160
Location: 1200 Norton Avenue NE, Fridley, MN
BACKGROUND
A previous owner had started a conversion project in this building from four units to five units without
permits. The city became aware of the project and stopped the work. The building was then sold to the
current owner who hired the architect and the structural engineer to prepare code compliant plans and
specifications to allow completion of the project.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The work included in the design is only the proposed modifications and completion of the rehabitation and
does not include previously constructed components. Architect and engineer have documented the
condition of the building prior to the commencement of the design work and have identified to the extent
possible the existing components that are deficient and in need of repair or modification. It should be noted
that during the site visit on April 8, 2023, water entry was observed at several locations along foundation
walls at the south and east sides of the building. Investigation of the conditions contributing to water
intrusion (i.e. grading, drainage, waterproofing, etc.) and providing repair recommendations is outside the
scope of this project.
This specification references Sheet A13 of plans prepared by Paul Ormseth Architect. 651-298-6789
1 hereby certify this plan,specification,or
Report was prepared by me or under my direct
Supervision and that I am a duly Licensed
Professional Engineer under the laws of the
State of Minnesota.
Print Name: Mark Soderlund
Signature: %1l Lo,L_
Date: r —�� ' license#: 23685
2307 Badger Drive,P.O.Box 1305,Waukesha,WI 53187 262-549-0802 Fax: 262-549-0776
825 N.Cass Avenue,Suite 107,Westmont,IL 60559 630-413-3750 Fax: 847-965-9050
6529 Bury Drive, Eden Prairie,MN 55346 612-238-0802 Fax: 612-238-0776
17295 Chesterfield Airport Rd.,Suite 200,Chesterfield,MO 63005 636-530-3663 Fax: 636-530-0596
9465 Counselors Row,Indianapolis,IN 46240 317-584-5440 Fax: 317-584-5483
Web Site: www.RCLeng.com E-Mail: info@RCLeng.com
Main Floor#1:
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DEFECT: 2x4 kitchen ceiling joists were installed for a drop ceiling.
REPAIR: Remove ceiling joists. Seal all openings in existing ceiling with 5/8"fire-rated gypsum board with
taped joints. Install a layer of 5/8" fire-rated gypsum board over entire ceiling with joints taped.
Main Floor#2:
I
DEFECT: Unused metal duct from basement in kitchen wall.
REPAIR: Seal or remove duct from kitchen wall.
2
Main Floor#3:
bulk- 11,
DEFECT: Section of a stud in bearing wall cut out for plumbing.
REPAIR: Install a 3' 2x4 sister at left side of stud with section cut out. The top end of the sister is to be in
contact with the top plate. Fasten sister with (2) 16d common nails above cut out and (4) 16d common
nails below cut out. On adjacent walls where DWV pipe passes through notches in studs, install a Simpson
CTS218 compression and tension strap over the notch and fasten with 0.148"x 1.5" nails in all holes.
Main Floor#4:
DEFECT: Poorly constructed in-fill framing in bearing wall between kitchen and bedroom.
REPAIR: Install studs under each of two pony wall studs and install a stud at the west end of the wall as
shown in the photo.
3
Main Floor#5:
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DEFECT: (2) 2x6 headers in bearing wall at bedroom doorways are inadequate. Column loads from jack
studs do not extend to the foundation.
REPAIR: Remove existing headers. Install (2) 2x8 headers. Fasten 2x8 members together with 2 rows of
16d common nails at 16" o.c. Rows of nails to be 2" from edges. Install full height blocking in joist band
area at all 3 locations below jack studs.
Main Floor#6:
DEFECT: Existing patio door header is inadequate for span.
REPAIR: As part of remodeling, the existing patio door is to be removed and replaced by a 3' hinged door
and a full height side lite window in the same opening. After the patio door is removed, the existing 2x12
header is to be replaced by a 2-ply 2.0E 1.75" x 11.875" LVL header. Fasten the LVL members together
with 3 rows of 10d common nails spaced at 12" o.c. The outer rows are to be 2" from the edges. The
header is to be supported by 3 jack studs under each end. Fasten the jack studs together with 2 rows of
16d nails spaced at 16". Install full height blocking in joist band area below jack studs.
4
Main Floor#7:
a
DEFECT: Original bearing wall between chimney and stairway wall was removed in laundry room.
REPAIR: Bearing wall cannot be replaced due to laundry room configuration. Install a 3-ply 2.0E 1.75"x
11.875" LVL beam. Fasten the LVL members together with 3 rows of 16d common nails spaced at 12"
o.c. from each side. Stagger nails between rows by 6". Stagger nails side to side by 6". The outer rows
are to be 2"from the edges. The header is to be supported by 3 jack studs under each end. Fasten the
jack studs together with 2 rows of 16d common nails at 16". Where existing floor joists do not extend
over LVL beam, install 3'sisters onto joists and fasten with 3 rows of 10d common nails spaced at 6".
Continue vertical load path to the foundation by installing studs in the basement directly below jack studs.
Main Floor 8:
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DEFECT: A 4-ply built-up column is not fully supported at the floor.
REPAIR: Remove existing 2x4 plate. Install a 2x6 bearing plate under the column.
5
Main Floor#9:
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DEFECT:A bearing wall was removed and a 12'3-ply 1.9E 1.75"x 11-875" LVL beam was installed without
any record of a permit and inspection. This beam supports a 17'tributary span of floor dead and live loads.
The analysis indicates the existing beam is adequate for the span and design loads.
REPAIR: Fasten the LVL members together with 3 rows of 16d common nails spaced at 16". Stagger nails
between rows by 8". Stagger nails side to side by 8". Outer rows of nails to be 2"from edges. The column
loads under each end of the beam must extend to the foundation. This will require installing a triple built
up 2x4 column in the basement wall and in the joist space directly below the main floor columns.
Main Floor#10:
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DEFECT: Existing 4'2-ply 2x10 header is inadequate for the span and loading.
REPAIR: Replace the existing header with a 2-ply 1.9E 1.75" x 9.25" LVL. Fasten the LVL members
together with two rows of 16d common nails spaced at 12". Rows of nails to be 2"from edges. LVL header
is to be supported by (2) 2x4 jack studs at each end. Extend the column loads through the basement joist
space with full height blocking and through the basement wall with studs extending to the foundation.
6
Main Floor 11:
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DEFECT: Original bearing wall was removed and replaced with non-compliant framing.
REPAIR: Remove the framing for the "window" opening in the wall and infill with 2x6 studs spaced at 16"
or less under the LVL beam. The remaining span of the LVL beam is adequate for the door header.
Main Floor#12:
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DEFECT: 2x4 kitchen ceiling joists were installed for a drop ceiling.
REPAIR: Remove ceiling joists. Seal all openings in existing ceiling with 5/8"fire-rated gypsum board with
taped joints. Install a layer of 5/8" fire-rated gypsum board over entire ceiling with joints taped.
7
Basement#1:
DEFECT:Wall framing in the half wall is non-compliant. Floor joists above half wall require repairs.
REPAIR: There are built-up columns at both sides of the half wall. The outer four studs at the right side of
the wall (left side of doorway) can be removed since there is no column load extending from the main floor.
A section of the floor joist above the half wall was cut away for plumbing and the repairs were not adequate.
The 87" long sister that extends to the south over the doorway will remain. The 62" sister that also extends
to the south is to be removed and replaced by a new 2x12 sister with a maximum 3.75" hole for the
drain/waste/vent line. The center of the hole is to be placed at the centerline. On the east side of the floor
joist, remove the 2x4 sisters and install a single 62" 2x4 sister. The adjacent joist east of the wall has a
large hole for the drain/waste/vent line. Center and install a 36"2x6 sister under the drain/waste/vent line.
The adjacent joist west of the wall (Joist#2) has non-compliant notches and requires a 7'2x12 sister to be
installed and centered over the notches. Fasten sisters to existing joists with two rows of 16d nails at 8"
o.c. and 2" form the edges.
Basement#2:
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DEFECT: Doorway In original foundation wall has non-compliant header. Three joists were attached to a
2x12 members with metal angles but the 2x12 members are not bearing. The 2x12 member were fastened
to the original 2x12 rim band using 3"screws which did not penetrate into the original band joist member.
REPAIR:Temporarily support 3 floor joists and remove metal angles. Remove two existing 2x12 members.
Install 52" long 2-ply 2x12s which will have 4" of bearing at each end. Fasten 2-ply 2x12 to existing rim
band with 2 rows of/"x 4-1/2"structural screws spaced at 8". Install joist hangers (i.e. Simpson LUS210Z
or equiv.) at the end of the 3 joists. Fill all holes with 0.148"x 3" nails.
8
Basement#3:
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DEFECT: Non-compliant framing in kitchen ceiling.
REPAIR: Continuing west from the repairs done in #1, install a 12' 2x6 sister above the existing sister on
the next floor joist to the west (Joist#3). Fasten with 2 rows of 16d common nails spaced at 12". Rows of
nails to be 1.5"from the edges. No repairs are needed on the next two joists to the west(Joists#4 and#5)
The south end of Joist #6 was cut off and framing angles were installed on the south end. Replace the
framing angle with a Simpson LUS210 joist hanger. The single 2x blocking between the joists which the
joist hanger is attached to is to have a second member attached on the opposite face of the joist hanger.
The ends of the 2-ply blocking are to be fastened to the adjacent joists with Simpson LUS210-2 hangers.
Install 0.148"x 3" nails in all holes of the joist hangers.
Basement#4:
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DEFECT: Bedroom door header in existing foundation wall is non-compliant. 2x4 members are placed flat.
REPAIR: Remove the 2x4 members. Install a 2-ply 1.9E 1.75"x 9-1/4" LVL header to span doorway and
bear on 2 jack studs at each end. Fasten LVL members together with 2 rows of 16d common nails spaced
at 8". Rows of nails to be 2"from edges.
9
Basement#5:
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DEFECT: 2x12 floor joists have been compromised with numerous non-compliant holes for piping. The
floor joists extending to the west are over spanned.
REPAIR: Install a new bearing wall on a strip footing located south of the existing bathroom wall. This work
is in process. The right photo above shows the 8"x 16"footing has been installed. The portion of the floor
joists with the non-compliant holes are located on the north side of the new bearing wall. The new bearing
wall is to be constructed with 2x6 studs at 16" o.c. and a double top plate. The plumbing lines are to be
removed from the joists north of the new bearing wall. Each joist is to have a full length 2x12 sister installed
that spans between the new bearing wall at the south end to the sistered joist in the bathroom ceiling (see
Basement #7). Fasten sisters with 3 rows of 16d nails spaced at 12". Outer rows of nails to be 2" from
edges. The plumbing lines can either be run in a soffit below the ceiling joists or the lines can be grouped
in clusters and routed through 3.75" max holes placed in the centerline of the sister members. Adjacent
holes along the centerline of the joist are to be at least 12" apart (center to center). The existing bathroom
wall with the doorway can be removed.
Basement#6:
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DEFECT: Installation of new bearing wall runs through the bedroom doorway.
REPAIR: The new bearing wall extends into the bedroom and passes through the bedroom doorway. The
bedroom doorway is to be relocated to the south to allow the bearing wall to be constructed.
10
Basement#7
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DEFECT: The floor framing in the bathroom ceiling and closet area were turned 90 degrees to
accommodate metal ducts. The distance between the existing joists exceeds 16".
REPAIR:The 2x4 ceiling joist are to be removed. Remove the ducting that runs between the joists. Install
another 2x12 joist centered between the existing joists. Sister the south existing joist with a 1.9E 1.75" x
11.25" LVL member and fasten with 3 rows of 16d common nails spaced at 16". Stagger nails between
rows by 8". Outer rows of nails to be 2"from edges. Fasten sistered joists that extend from the new bearing
wall at the LVL with Simpson LUS210-2 joist hangers with 0.162"x 3.5" nails in all holes.
Basement#8:
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DEFECT: The framing in the existing kitchen/bathroom bearing wall was compromised to accommndate
plumbing.
REPAIR: The wall is to be reframed and include a treated plate on the concrete floor. The wall framing is
to include the column load from the main floor (see Main Floor#9) and the wall is to be constructed to be a
1-hour rated assembly.
11
Basement#9:
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#4 #3 #2 #1
DEFECT: The four floor joists in the kitchen ceiling have non-compliant holes and notches. The joists are
numbered one to four from west to east as indicated in the photo above which shows the south end of the
joists.
REPAIR: The repairs for each of the four joists are as follows:
Joist #1: Install a 36" 1.9E 1.75"x 5.25" LVL at the top edge of the joist extending from the south end of
the joist. Fasten with two rows of 16d common nails spaced at 8". Stagger nails between rows by 4". Rows
of nails to be 1.5" from the edges. For the large notch shown in the center photo above, install a Simpson
MSTA49 strap tie along the bottom edge centered over the notch and fasten with 0.148"x 1.5" nails. Install
a 36" 1.9E 1.75"x 5.25" LVL at the top edge of the joist and centered over the notch. Fasten with two rows
of 16d common nails spaced at 8". Stagger nails between rows by 4". Rows of nails to be 1.5" from the
edges. For the large square hole shown in the right photo above, install a 30" 1.9E 1.75" x 5.25" LVL at
the bottom edge of the joist and extending from the north end of the joist. Fasten with two rows of 16d
common nails spaced at 8". Stagger nails between rows by 4". Rows of nails to be 1.5"from the edges.
Joist#2: Install a 36" 1.9E 1.75" x 5.25" LVL at the top edge of the joist extending from the south end of
the joist. Fasten with two rows of 16d common nails spaced at 8". Stagger nails between rows by 4". Rows
of nails to be 1.5" from the edges. Remove the damaged 8' 2x8 sister on the east side of the joist and
replace it with a new 8' 2x8 sister. Fasten the new sister with two rows of 16d common nails spaced at 8".
Stagger nails between rows by 4". Rows of nails to be 1.5"from the edges.
Joist #3: Install a 36" 1.9E 1.75"x 5.25" LVL at the top edge of the joist extending from the south end of
the joist. Fasten with two rows of 16d common nails spaced at 8". Stagger nails between rows by 4". Rows
of nails to be 1.5" from the edges.
Joist #4. Install a 36" 1.9E 1.75"x 5.25" LVL at the top edge of the joist extending from the south end of
the joist. Fasten with two rows of 16d common nails spaced at 8". Stagger nails between rows by 4". Rows
of nails to be 1.5" from the edges.
12
Basement#10:
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DEFECT: Kitchen / Laundry room wall is to be a 1-hour rated assembly and contains plumbing
penetrations.
REPAIR: Additional framing and wallboard is to be installed in the kitchen/laundry room wall to create 1
hour rated partition assembly.
Basement#11 :
DEFECT: Non-compliant header in kitchen doorway. Floor joists attached to original band joist that spans
over an opening in the original foundation wall to create the doorway for the kitchen.
REPAIR: Cut back the three floor joists above the doorway by 3" and provide temporary support. Attach
a 2x12 ply to the band joist which spans 4" onto the foundation wall at each side of the doorway. Fasten
the 2x12 to the band joist with three rows of 10d common nails spaced at 8". Outer rows of nails to be 2"
from edges. Install Simpson LUS210 joist hangers on the ends of the three joists. Install 0.148"x 1.5" nails
in all holes.
13
Basement#12:
DEFECT: Non-compliant header in bedroom doorway opening in original foundation wall.
REPAIR: Remove existing framing above doorway. Install a 2-ply 1.9E 1.75" x 9.25" LVL header with 4"
min. bearing on each end. Fasten LVL plies together with two rows of 10d common nails spaced at 12".
Rows of nail to be 2" from edges. Cut back existing joists sufficiently to allow joists to be attached to LVL
header with Simpson LUS210 joist hangers with 0.148"x 1.5" nails in all holes.
Basement#13:
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DEFECT: Previous foundation repairs were exposed during demolition.
REPAIR: No structural repair is necessary. The investigation revealed that the existing foundation wall was
reinforced by installing 4-3/4"cast-in-place concrete between the plywood forms and the existing CMU wall.
The wall cavities are to be insulated and covered by a vapor retarder/air barrier prior to installing wallboard.
14
Basement#14:
DEFECT: Non-compliant door header in original foundation wall.
REPAIR: Remove existing framing above doorway. Install a 2-ply 1.9E 1.75" x 9.25" LVL header with 4"
min. bearing on each end. Fasten LVL plies together with two rows of 10d common nails spaced at 12".
Rows of nail to be 2" from edges. Cut back existing joists sufficiently to allow joists to be attached to LVL
header with Simpson LUS210 joist hangers with 0.148"x 1.5" nails in all holes. Reroute flexible ducts.
Basement#15:
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DEFECT: Non-compliant roof framing repairs in bedroom. Original roof joists were water damaged and
deteriorated and subsequently, new joists were installed over and 90 degrees to the existing joists. The
new 2x8 joists were cut with a taper to create a pitched roof.
REPAIR: The new 2x6 joists bear on the deteriorated original 2x8 joists which were reinforced. The
reinforcements (sistering) on the north 3 joists was inadequate. The 2x4 sisters on the north 3 joists are to
be removed and replaced by full length 2x8 sisters. Fasten sisters with 2 rows of 10d common nails spaced
at 12". Stagger nails between rows by 6". Rows of nails to be 2" from edges. Install a 2-ply 1.9E 1.75"x
5.25" LVL header at the closet doorway at the west end of the hall with 3" min. bearing on each end. Fasten
LVL plies together with two rows of 10d common nails spaced at 12". Rows of nail to be 2" from edges.
The ceiling joist that runs along the north side of the hallway will bear on the new closet door header.
15
Basement#16:
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DEFECT: Non-compliant roof framing repairs in hallway. The new 2x6 joists extend over the bedroom/hall
wall and are supported in the center of the hallway by a deteriorated joist that has been sistered and are
attached to a ledger at the south hallway wall. The ledger attachment was poorly done and is deteriorated.
REPAIR: Add nails as needed to sister on joist over center of hallway to provide a minimum of 2 rows of
10d nails spaced at 12". Stagger nails between rows by 6". Fasten ledger above south hallway wall to
original band joist with 2 rows of/"x 3" structural screws for single ledger and 1/"x 4.5" structural screws
for 2-ply ledger. Screws to be spaced at 8" and stagger screws between rows by 4". Install Simpson LUS
26 joist hangers to ends of 2x6 joists at south wall and fasten to ledger with 0.148"x 3" nails in all holes.
Basement#17:
DEFECT: Large openings cut for wiring passage above garage service door.
REPAIR: Seal the penetrations to create a 1-hour rated assembly between the garage and the hallway.
16
Basement#18:
DEFECT: Compromised wall framing at stairway. Lower portion of wall stud cut away.
REPAIR: Install a 7' sister stud that extends from the base plate. Replace the missing portion of the stud.
Fasten the sister with a single row of 16d common nails spaced at 12".
Basement#19:
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DEFECT: Non-compliant door header to laundry room.
REPAIR: Provide temporary support for joists bearing on the doorway. Remove existing framing above
doorway. Cut out joists in header area to allow a 5.25" tall concealed header to be installed. Install a 3-ply
1.9E 1.75"x 9.25" LVL header with 3" min. bearing on each end. Fasten LVL plies together with two rows
of 16d common nails spaced at 12" from each side. Stagger nails by 6" from side to side. Rows of nail to
be 2"from edges. Header to bear on two 2x4 jack studs at each end. Joists to be attached to LVL header
with Simpson LUS210 joist hangers with 0.148"x 1.5" nails in all holes.
17
Basement#20:
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DEFECT: Non-compliant door header to utility room.
REPAIR: REPAIR: Provide temporary support for joists bearing on the doorway. Remove existing framing
above doorway. Install a 3-ply 1.9E 1.75" x 9.25" LVL header with 3" min. bearing on each end. Fasten
LVL plies together with two rows of 16d common nails spaced at 12" from each side. Stagger nails by 6"
from side to side. Rows of nail to be 2" from edges. Header to bear on two 2x4 jack studs at each end.
Joists to be attached to LVL header with Simpson LUS210 joist hangers with 0.148"x 1.5" nails in all holes.
Basement#21 :
DEFECT: Compromised floor joists in laundry room with numerous closely spaced holes for plumbing and
wiring.
REPAIR: Remove all plumbing and wiring from joists. Install 10' 2x12 sisters onto each joist. Fasten
sisters with 2 rows of 10d common nails spaced at 12". Rows of nails to be 2" from edges. Reinstall
plumbing and wiring below joists or cluster them together and pass them through 3.75" holes drilled along
the center line of the joists and spaced at least 12" apart (center to center).
18
Basement#22:
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DEFECT: Compromised floor joists in hallway to laundry room.
REPAIR: Same repair as#21.
Basement#23:
DEFECT: Doorway from garage to sleeping room.
REPAIR: The doorway opening has been infilled with masonry. Seal openings in masonry. Stud frame
wall on bedroom side is to have 1 hour fire rating, exclusive of masonry, and have insulation and vapor
retarder/air barrier installed prior to installing wallboard.
19
Basement#24:
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DEFECT: Deteriorated framing above east garage wall. A wood frame wall was constructed to support
the roof.
REPAIR: Seal openings above masonry wall. The wood frame wall is to either have a double top plate for
the entire span or additional studs installed under each ceiling joist. The lower plate is to be treated. 5/8"
Type X wallboard is to be installed over the framing.
Basement#25:
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DEFECT: Non-compliant holes in garage ceiling joist for electrical wiring.
REPAIR: Install an 8'x '/"x 4"steel plate to lower portion of joist below wiring penetrations. Fasten plate
with one row of 1/4"x 1.5" structural screws spaced at 6" along centerline of plate.
20
Basement#26:
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DEFECT: Non-compliant header in closet doorway.
REPAIR: Provide temporary support for joists on both sides of doorway. Remove existing framing above
doorway. Install a 2-ply 1.9E 1.75"x 11.25" LVL header with 4" min. bearing on each end. Fasten LVL plies
together with two rows of 10d common nails spaced at 12". Rows of nail to be 2" from edges. Cutback
existing joists sufficiently to allow joists to be attached to LVL header with Simpson LUS210 joist hangers
with 0.148"x 1.5" nails in all holes.
Basement#27:
DEFECT: Compromised floor framing in utility room due to numerous plumbing and wiring penetrations.
REPAIR: Same repair as#21.
21
Basement#28:
DEFECT: Corrosion and compromised metal stud framing in laundry/bathroom walls.
REPAIR: Repair/replace existing metal studs that are corroded. Construct a 1-hour rated wall assembly
between the laundry room and the bathroom.
Basement#29:
DEFECT: Compromised framing in doorway header at base of stairway.
REPAIR: Provide temporary support, remove steel angles, and cut back the two floor joists above the
doorway by 1.5". Attach a 2x12 ply to the band joist which spans 3.5" onto the walls at each side of the
doorway. Fasten the 2x12 to the band joist with three rows of 10d nails spaced at 8". Outer rows of nails
to be 2" from edges. Install Simpson LUS210 joist hangers on the ends of the two joists. Install 0.148" x
1.5" nails in all holes. Install two jack studs under each end of the header.
22
Basement#30:
DEFECT: Garage roof framing is non-compliant. 2x10 joists are spaced at 24" and span 12'from the side
walls to a central (2) 2x10 beam supported by 3 intermediate columns.
REPAIR: The 2x10 roof joists are acceptable for the spans, dead, and live loading. The (2) 2x10 central
beam has a total design load of 250 plf. The longest span between columns is 8 feet. The existing (2)
2x10 beam is adequate for an 8' maximum span. The two members are to be fastened together with 3
rows of 10d common nails spaced at 12". Stagger nails between rows by 6". Rows of nails are to be 2"
from edges. Fasten treated columns to beam with Simpson AC4 or AC6 post caps using 0.162" x 3.5"
nails in all holes. Fasten treated columns to floor with a Simpson RPBZ retrofit post base. Install'/"x 1.5"
screws into post and fasten base to floor with '/"x 3"Titen HD screw anchors installed in '/"x 3-1/4"deep
holes in concrete. Install Simpson H2.5A hurricane ties on each end of each roof joist.
GENERAL NOTES:
1. The repair specifications noted are based upon the visual inspection of the items described. If
unforeseen conditions are discovered upon removal of additional components, notify RCL
Engineering Group immediately. If new information is presented at a later date. RCL Engineering
Group reserves the right to review that information and amend the opinions, specifications. and
design documents presented as deemed appropriate.
2. The repairs and conclusions in this report apply only to those portions of the building that were
visible at the time of the site visits. Structural issues may be present in areas where no demolition
has occurred. were not accessible, or were not visible at the time of the site visits.
23